Upwards of ninety delegates turned out in the Ashley Hotel in Greymouth on Thursday the 17th of October for the Minerals West Coast, Turning the Tables, 2019 forum. 

The theme for the 2019 forum, "Turning the Tables", was rang throughout each of the speakers presentations. Richard Tacon, chief executive of Bathurst Resources, opened the day, talking about the makeup of Bathurst Resources today. Revenue from the company's five operational New Zealand mines includes 74% for steel, 19% for food and other uses, and 6% for electricity generation. Regarding the use of thermal coal in the South Island, Richard Tacon highlighted the lack of alternatives available for some New Zealand industries in the short term. Electricity works only for heat below one hundred degrees, there is no reticulated gas supply, and wood biomass simply cannot be provided at the scale needed - if biomass were to be used instead of thermal coal, a forest the size of Belgium would have to be cleared each year. 
​ Mike Meehan, chief executive of the West Coast Regional Council, urged the mining industry to engage more in the submission process on new legislation, despite the fact we have a government that seems to be better influenced by social media than the details of well-written submissions. 
 Stephanie Hayton of Oceana Gold discussed the rehabilitation efforts underway at Globe Progress mine near the Reefton township. Three hundred thousand trees have been planted so far, with another three hundred thousand to go. 
 Brett Cummings of the West Coast Gold Miners' Association talked about the changes he's seen in mining technology and regulation through the course of his career as a miner and diesel mechanic, the challenges of running a small mine site, and his thoughts for the future.
 Adele Fitzpatrick, chief executive of Project Crimson, introduced the audience to Project Crimson, a conservation trust whose purpose is to promote the planting of native trees, and how the industry can not only document its own planting it does already, but going above and beyond to increase planting around the West Coast and New Zealand. 
 After lunch Gary Bramley of the Ecology Company, who came all the way down from the far north town of Kaeo, discussed the role mining can play in supporting New Zealand's conservation efforts. He emphasised that habitat loss in New Zealand has slowed dramatically compared to the periods following early Polynesian and European settlement, and while clearance is still an issue, it's not a big threat to (most) forests, and the biggest threats now are introduced pests and weeds, and diseases like myrtle rust and kauri dieback. He said with trees living a long time, forests change slowly and can be brought back, but animal populations change quickly and dramatically. He said the most urgent threat is for our endangered birds, lizards, bats, and invertebrates. Gary Bramley said the devastating effects on endangered animal species can be by compensation and offsetting from mining companies. He cited examples such as the Oparara Kiwi Protection Site. On the whole native bird species have increased or held the line (where species like kiwi would normally decline without predator control), and now the forest bustles with birds. Another operation he cited was the Heaphy Project, set up in 2014 to compensate for biodiversity losses at the Escarpment mine in Denniston, covering an area of 25,000 hectares. While it's early days the detection signs are good for most of the 28 bird species being monitored. Other offsetting projects included the Denniston Project, a Winstone Aggregates quarry in the Hunua Ranges.
 The rest of the afternoon took a geological turn, with updates from New Zealand Petroleum and Minerals on permits and the Crown Minerals Strategy, GNS Science on geological prospects, and the New Zealand Institute for Minerals to Materials Research on adding value to what we mine. Examples included ultra-fine gold recovery and how to turn coal into carbon foam, making a lightweight, reusable substance that can be used in batteries instead of lead. 
 The day ended about four o'clock in the afternoon, followed by drinks down at the Monteith's Bar. What hour they finished up is anyone's guess. 

A smaller group huddled out of the rain under the front of the Ashley Hotel on the Friday morning following the forum to take a trip around a few West Coast mines. First up for the day  was a small alluvial operation just south of Greymouth. The mine is run by a two man band, just across the road from a few houses. Having noise limits means rubberising machinery and operating within certain time limits each day, but the mine is a great example of the industry being compatible with residential areas. Graham admits it helps one of the neighbours is the landowner. When mining started the area was covered in gorse and small pine trees, but it was too wet to ever be suitable for forestry. The ground is being progressively rehabilitated to pasture. 

Then the convoy headed north to Reefton. The first stop was at Oceana Gold's Globe Progress mine to look at the restoration work carried out to date. Being spring, contractors are on site each day planting trees. Before handing the mine back to the Department of Conservation about 900,000 trees will have been planted. 
 Then about midday the group stopped for lunch and a break from the weather at Dawson's Hotel on the main street in Reefton. After a quick lunch the group carried on for an update from Nigel Slonker on the Blackwater Gold project, near the historic site of the Blackwater mine. The project is progressing well, and subject to feasibility studies, gold mining could start as early as 2024.

From there it was back out into the weather for the last mine of the day, Reddale, a former Solid Energy coal mine now owned by Rosco Contractors. The photos below are a good display of weather, which was freezing, raining, and blowing, all at once. A quick look at the pit to soak the jackets and muddy the boots was followed by a drive around the wash plant before heading back to Reefton for a hot drink at Broadway Tearooms before the return journey to Greymouth. 

In all the forum and field days were a great chance for those in the mining industry to get together and focus on the industry and the coming challenges.  Thanks to everyone who turned out, look forward to having you all again next year.

The quote below can be found all over the internet with varying attributions of who actually said it.

It's true money can't be eaten. That was never the plan. Money as we now know it was designed as a common means of exchange. It became a bit troublesome having to figure out how much corn was worth so much chicken or beef, then having to have enough corn to buy a whole cow when really one was only after a tenderloin and a bit of mincemeat. Money was set up as a common means of  exchange for goods and services. So far it's done a good job.

An assumption seems to have developed where people believe there's a choice, black and white, to be made between thriving economies or thriving environments.

It would follow the worst environments in the world must be found in the countries with more money than Scrooge McDuck, and the best environments can be found in the countries where seven hundred million people in the world who are still living in extreme poverty get by on the old mantra, "money can't buy happiness". 

Issues like climate change and loss of biodiversity aren't to be taken lightly. New Zealand alone has close to 4,000 endangered species and as an island nation inhabited around the edges will know sea level rise as well as anywhere when it comes. The biggest threat to New Zealand's endangered birds like takahe and kaka, or plant species like rata and native mistletoe, comes from rats, stoats, and possums, and only active pest control will solve this. This won't come cheap. Globally there is a clear link between healthy balance sheets and healthy environments.

Judging how well a country's doing environmentally is best left to the experts. Each two years since 2002, Yale and Columbia University have been putting together the Environmental Performance Index. New Zealand has always ranked in the top 20 and was number one in 2006. Other winners over the years include Switzerland (2008), Iceland (2010, Switzerland (2012), Switzerland (2014), Finland (2016), and Switzerland (2018). The majority of countries in the top 20 are by and large, rich countries, and the bottom 20, poor countries.

How to achieve the balance between looking after the environment and making a living is the question of our times. Going merely off what we spend, despite the skill and best efforts of those who work in conservation in New Zealand, at the rate we're going many of our native species will be extinct on the mainland of New Zealand by the end of this century if not much sooner. In the 2018/19 budget, about 0.6% of the government's $86,023,500,000 was allocated to the Department of Conservation to manage our conservation estate, which makes up about a third of New Zealand's land area. On top of protecting endangered species, DOC is expected to engage in feel good exercises with schools, businesses, and communities, provide tourism infrastructure, and cater to the recreational needs of New Zealanders who see a network of tracks and roughly 900 huts in the back country as no less than a birthright.  Interestingly Auckland has the smallest area of conservation land in the country, yet the highest number of DOC staff per hectare. The West Coast and Southland have the more conservation land than any other region, yet the lowest number of DOC staff per 10,000 hectares.

Meeting the challenges of declining indigenous biodiversity and climate change will require deep pockets. Addressing these issues means caring more and spending more (and smarter). This can only be done by earning more, or at the very least not earning any less. This is true at both a regional and a national level. Regions like the West Coast need a diverse mix of industries, that includes mining, tourism, dairying, drystock farming, cropping, horticulture, and manufacturing. Markets mean these industries will perform better in some periods than they do in others, having a varied economy makes it more resilient to shocks, much like any ecosystem. 

By many measures though, the economy's loss will not be the environment's gain.

​Your kitchen table. A café. The office. The toilet. A bus or an aeroplane. Wherever you’re reading this, look around. How many things are not made of minerals? The list is short. Shorter still is the list of things that did not require minerals in their making. Perhaps you’re reading this on glowing glass. Sand became this screen after reaching 1,700℃. Behind the glass is gold, tin, tungsten, copper, cobalt, tantalum, and lithium to name just some of the minerals. You may prefer ink and paper. Consider the industrial processes required to turn a pine tree into a magazine or a newspaper. From chainsaws to the paperboy’s bike, they all need minerals. Your woolen carpet, from farm to floor, tells a similar story. Even that flax wall hanging your auntie gave you last Christmas came by way of a steel spade and secateurs. Then there’s the footpath, Avanti, Terrano, or Tesla you may have taken to work today. The Massey Ferguson or John Deere with which you just sowed your phosphate… the phosphate. Maybe the helicopters – melting the very glaciers they take people to see – on which your café relies for its customers. Perhaps the plane and crown limousine you took to the most recent meeting about the Zero Carbon Bill, or the mobile phone and iPad with which you prepared for it. This is how we live our modern lives. It’s an unceasing and increasing demand for these things, not a love of digging holes, that makes miners mine.

​Maori crossed the Alps in search of pounamu. Diggers from the north Atlantic and southern China braved surging seas in the 1800s in the hope of swapping poverty for gold. There have always been New Zealanders willing to gamble on striking it big. Gold brought my parents and grandparents from Gisborne to Hokitika in the mid-1980s.
“We’ve always mined”, my grandfather would say, “you wouldn’t have mankind today if it weren’t for mining”. He was right. Homo habilis began making stone tools 2.6 million years ago. Our evolutionary line has long used minerals to make life liveable. A practice having gone on for a long time is admittedly no reason for it to carry on for a long time. Whaling. Ivory. Slavery. These industries belong in history books. But mining is no such industry. It’s going nowhere. We use minerals every minute of every day.

​Despite our shared use of minerals as a species, the mining industry alone is often blamed for its consequences. Coal attracts the most attention. Humans have been burning a lot of it since the industrial revolution. As our population has grown, our carbon emissions have increased. Since the first Agricultural Revolution about 10,000 years ago forests have been giving way to farm land. Once felled, leftover wood rots or burns. Carbon once trapped in trees is released into the atmosphere. The pasture that follows is converted to protein, fibre, and methane. Fossil fuel use and forest clearance has left our species and others struggling to keep our cool. By blaming just producers of fossil fuels, minerals, and food we ignore our role as consumers. A tonne of steel for example, requires at least 600 kilograms of coking coal. It’s as good impossible to produce steel from raw materials – at scale and profit – any other way. A single wind turbine is estimated to require 220 tonnes of coking coal. Cement, another staple of modern society, requires temperatures of 1450°C. An estimated 85% of global cement production is thanks to coal. Humans are adaptable animals. We may find other ways of producing steel and cement or displace these materials altogether. But it will take more than a week or two. Whether it’s gas in the North Island, or coal in the South Island, fossil fuels help to produce a lot of our food, for both domestic consumption, and of equal (if not greater) importance, export. This is not limited to steam in fish factories and freezing works, or heat in dairy factory driers. Hothouses for vegetables like tomatoes, cucumbers, capsicums, eggplants, and lettuce need a steady supply of heat for their radiators, as do driers for hops which go on to make beer.

​A world without fossil fuels is one that needs a lot more electricity, and therefore a lot more mining. In 2017, the World Bank Group predicted enormous growth in demand for minerals as countries transition to zero carbon economies. New Zealand's own grid will have to double its electricity generation by 2050 if we wish to remove carbon from our household, transport, and industrial sectors. Whether a person’s making wind turbines, solar panels, or batteries, their shopping list will include aluminium, chromium, cobalt, copper, indium, iron, lead, lithium, manganese, neodymium, nickel, silver, and zinc…it goes on. To keep global temperatures within a two-degree margin of preindustrial levels, the World Bank Group predicted a 1,000% increase in demand for minerals required for batteries, 300% for solar panels, and 250% for wind power. New Zealand’s largest three users of coal are NZ Steel, Fonterra, and Genesis Energy’s Huntly power station. Genesis plans for Huntly to be off coal by 2030, relying instead on natural gas. This will be difficult given ongoing supply constraints for gas due to ageing infrastructure and a lack of investment in the wake of this government's ill considered oil and gas exploration ban. Wind and hydro are largely base load electricity and are a case of use it or lose it. Wind blows and water runs day and night. Except when it doesn’t, and we have a shortage. Then, when we’re all showering, boiling water, and toasting bread, or heating our houses, coal and gas are fired up for peak load electricity. They are fired up at peak demand to prevent power cuts then turned off the rest of the time, though can also be used for base load. Gas and oil will be essential in peaks until battery and hydrogen technology displace them.

Whether it’s coal and iron for steel, gold for jewelry and electronics, or rare earths for solar panels, mining in general is considered environmental vandalism. The government announced at the start of its term an end to mining on conservation land. There are 8,838,470 hectares of conservation land in New Zealand. Roughly one third of the country. Since Polynesian pioneers set foot on these islands about 1280AD, our species has done some damage. About 80% of our land was once blanketed in native forest, from snow and scree down to sand and surf. The first two centuries of hunting moa with fire, and the recent two centuries of clearing forest for farmland has reduced that to less than 30%. Our birds have also had a rough run. About fifty species are extinct. Of the 168 remaining (ninety-three of which are endemic) four fifths are in danger, and one third is in grave danger – unless we step in – of joining Haast’s eagle, the laughing owl, the huia, and the moa. In the context of modern of forest clearance and species loss, mining is a target as wide as a blade on a D10, but it’s a red herring. The real enemies have four legs, not two tracks. The West Coast stretches from Kahurangi Point in the north to Awarua Point in the south, a distance as the tui flies of about 600 kilometres – similar to the distance between Auckland and Wellington. More than a fifth of the DOC estate, 1,898,560 hectares, is on the West Coast. Only Southland lays claim to more,  of which 1,260,700 is in Fiordland National Park. About 82% of land on the West Coast is under the department’s management. Of the overall DOC estate in New Zealand, about 3,000 hectares is mined, not even 0.04%. Not even four parts per ten thousand. Proportionally we’re talking a Springbok-All Blacks scrum in an entire rugby field, deadline to deadline. Whatever the ambitions of miners or any other industries within the estate, they have to meet the requirements laid out under the Resource Management Act. Even on private land it’s far from a rubber stamp. The biggest threat to the conservation estate is introduced plants and animals, as former Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment Jan Wright wrote in 2010 when reporting on mining on the DOC estate. These species are destroying our forests and killing our native animals. The top three threats are stoats, rats, and possums – to say nothing of mice, weasels, ferrets, and feral cats. According to Forest and Bird's website, only one eighth of the conservation estate receives any control for these pests - that is to say 87.5% of the DOC estate has no protection against its largest threat. Browsing animals, such as deer, goats, pigs, chamois, and thar are responsible for the degradation of much of our forests and alpine landscapes, yet, aside from the minimal impact of weekend hunters and a struggling feral venison industry, they are largely uncontrolled. Put in context, the physical impact of mining on the entire DOC estate is not small. It’s minuscule. Go to any forest not receiving the care it should be, and you’ll see an eaten-out under story with a few fantails and perhaps a lonely male tomtit. A march down Queen Street or Gibson Quay to push for more pest control would do a great deal for protecting our natural heritage.

​Economically, mining is more important on the West Coast than anywhere else. Politicians like the word transition almost as much as sustainability. All miners and mechanics must do is toss the greasy overalls in the wash bin one last time, walk over to the stainless-steel basin, and get a dollop of gritty work soap. Scrub the forearms and palms of diesel and oil, and remove the earth from the fingernails, never to be dirty again. Once clean, swap the Komatsu or the Caterpillar for a kayak or a café, the Hyundai or the Hitachi for a homestay or a helicopter. Steel caps will give way to tramping boots. The woolen socks can stay on. That kayaks, cafes, homestays, and helicopters all come from mining is irrelevant. To get down to recycled brass tacks, mining has an average salary on the West Coast of $114,000, and year-round work. Tourism averages $40,000. That’s assuming there’s twelve months of work in a seasonal industry. Based on a median income of $49,000, this means each new job in mining lifts the average wage. Each new service job lowers it. Getting visitors to “stay longer and spend more” is apparently the answer. I have worked as a wilderness guide at the “high end” of the market. Guests paid the best part of $500 a night per person, about $150 - $200 per half day trip, and stayed for three days on average. I got $18.00 an hour for my troubles. I looked forward to the occasional sixty-hour week. Time and a half made public holidays feel like Christmas. Economics aside, MBIE predicts by 2025 there’ll be 5,000,000 visitors to New Zealand every year, largely thanks to aluminium clad steel floating on fossils. Once they’re here, visitors drive up and down the country, on roads, in emitting cars, and thanks to helicopters visit glaciers melting a little more each time the skids crunch the ice. It’s estimated international tourism accounts for 9% of global greenhouse gas emissions. That under successive governments since the turn of the century DOC has been gradually becoming DOT, providing and servicing toilets, car parks, campsites, walks small and Great, and luxury huts, rather than protecting kauri or kokopu should not be disregarded.

​Our other big earners have their impacts. Wave a wand and turn all the fossil fueled transport into machines that put the car in zero carbon, and you'll have eliminated 20% of our greenhouse gas emissions. Bravo. Now go to the idyllic countryside, and fix the other 48%. Close to half of our emissions come from agriculture, mainly due to the conversion of pasture into mutton, milk, mince meat, merino wool, and methane. This is not our food, this is the world's food. We could stop farming. We could stop mining. We could stop accepting international tourists. But we'd do better to find a way of managing the impacts of these sectors without throwing the goose out with the bathwater. We’re a small trading nation and need every industry we’ve got. Without a prosperous economy, we’d need an army of volunteers for our schools, hospitals, and kakapo recovery, if not a navy and an air force. No economic activity, no human activity, is without its impacts. Mining. Tourism. Farming. Forestry. Manuka honey. Apples. Wine. Whatever. None of these would be possible without the technology and infrastructure provided by minerals and therefore mining. ​Whatever changes may come to the work you do and how you spend your leisure time, for now and for always, what’s yours is mined, and what’s mined is yours.